Nurse-patient ratio

Nurse-patient ratio laws are state mandates requiring hospitals to keep to a maximum sealing limit of the ratio of nurses to patients. At the moment, states that have yet to apply any nurse-patient ratio limits typically charge each of their nurses the care of at least 6 nurses and even as high as 8 to 10 (Churchouse, 2002). Barnes-Jewish hospital for example has a ratio of 1 nurse to 10 patients (St. Louis, 2004). California's Assembly Bill 394 is one of the forerunning legislations that mandated the regulation of nurse-patient ratios across hospitals. This bill had been largely contested by hospital lobbyists who are now bartering with state officials on the most flexible regulations that could be imposed. While nursing associations and nursing labor unions all over the country are proposing the ideal 1:2 ratio, hospital management firmly claim this to be impossible. In some other states such as Illinois, staging progression procedures have been introduced as a viable means to improve nurse-patient ratios over a period of 5-10 years (Bartolomeo, 2001). Since after the Second World War, the problem of increasing nurse-patient ratios have begun to accrue. By the mid-80s the pressing need for more nurses became even more drastic when the academe saw a decline in the local demand for the profession. This eventually led hospitals to searching for nurses abroad which continued to persist to the present day. However, outsourcing the nurse supply was also coupled by hospital management cutbacks on staffing which still resulted to poor nurse-patient ratios. Hospitals also allegedly implemented management regulations preventing nursing staff from discussing and objecting to nurse-patient hospital policies. However by the late 90s, nursing unions have begun to seek help from media institutions, local communities, and contract negotiators to help them bargain less congested working conditions with hospital management. This led the nursing unions to asking help from their respective state governments. Finally in January of 2002, California’s AB 394 mandated the issue of staffing ratios in hospitals throughout the state, but this victory of the nursing unions was short-lived as hospital management immediately bargained with legislators for staffing ratios that were most advantageous for them. While nursing organizations persisted with a 1:2 to a 1:4 ratio, hospital lobbyists led by the California Healthcare Association, a consortium of 500 hospitals insisted that the acceptable nurse-patient ratio could be no less than 1:6. Currently, one of the country’s largest Health Management Organizations, Kaiser Permanente broke away from the bulk of institutions opposed to lower nurse-patient ratios and advocated a 1:4 ratio that it currently implements in its facilities. Kaiser discussed further ways of lowering the ratio with nursing unions and agreed to have the approved recommendations of such discussions implemented on all Kaiser owned establishments (Bartolomeo, 2001). Current working conditions lead nurses into compromising situations wherein their work suffers because of the immense number of tasks that they have to do all at once. While some hospitals implement â€Å"fair† policies that allow nurses enough room to breathe in their work, a lot more hospitals and health care organizations are run by profit oriented groups whose main concern includes minimizing costs. What’s worse is that since health care in various parts of the country has been transformed into a corporate affair between gigantic businesses who buy health care plans from HMOs who sell them, competition has become a matter of who can provide the better corporate deal over who can provide better hospital service. Since the patients don’t have much choice with respect to which health care deals their employer will take, this rules out quality by competition from ushering hospitals to make nurse-patient ratio improvements on their own. Thus, a state mandated regulation is the only way to force these hospitals to provide an appropriate working environment for their nurses. There are several controversial aspects to the legislation of nurse-patient ratio regulation. One popular controversy is the actual capability of today’s supply of nurses to fill in the vacancies that would be created by such legislation. The Illinois Hospital Association contends that current nursing programs of the state are not viable to handle the demand for the number of nurses required to maintain the ratios mandated by laws like California’s AB394. Another criticism is insensitivity of a rigid nurse-patient ratio to patient’s individual medical differences. Critics also point out differences between hospitals, resources and even nursing units which could be blurred out in the implementation of a state mandate indiscriminately throughout all hospitals. I believe that hospital policies at the moment are more profit-oriented than health oriented. It is this slippery slope that leads to understaffing and overly high nurse-patient ratios. However, I also think that an inflexible legislation on nurse-patient ratios would do little to solve the problem. Nurses from different units are very different and there needs to be more extensive needs analysis studies conducted before a proper legislative action could be taken. Therefore while I am in favor of state legislation in order to curb inherent profit-oriented biases of hospital management, I am not in favor of haphazardly implementing one at the moment without considering factors forwarded by institutions like the Illinois Hospital Association. Like I said, I believe that while the California legislation is a victory for the labor rights of nurses in the state, it does not ensure an increase in nursing quality. I would consider the act positive with respect to labor rights but neutral with respect to patient care. Extensive scrutiny should be placed on the issues that arose after the legislation such as the differences among hospitals, resources, and nursing units. References: Churchouse, C. (2002). Senate Community Affairs References Committee Inquiry Into Nursing. Retrieved: July 19, 2007 from: http://72.14.235.104/search?q=cache:uQtMh4POYlUJ:www.aph.gov.au/senate/committee/clac_ctte/completed_inquiries/2002-04/nursing/submissions/sub04.doc+current+nurse-patient+ratio;hl=tl;ct=clnk;cd=3;gl=ph Bartolomeo, C. (2001). â€Å"Mandated staffing ratios: Health care professionals see the benefits and pitfalls.† Journal of the American Federation of Teachers. Vol. 30 Issue 2. P.114-118. Barnes-Jewish Hospital seeks to lower nurse-patient ratio. Retrieved July 19, 2007 from St. Louis Business Journal Website: http://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/stories/2004/11/29/daily50.html ;

The Scope and Limitations of the Fraud Examination

On October 5th, 2010, the fraud examination unit received an assignment from the owner of school regarding to the possibility of fraud disbursements occurred in his school. He suspected that someone is illegally and intentionally stealing money from his school. Based on his suspicion, a fraud examination was conducted by collecting information, reviewing & analyzing relevant records, and applying detecting methods. The objective of my examination was to determine the possibility of misappropriation of school’s fund, identify the fraudulent schemes, and help the school to figure out who was behind the fraud. I reviewed school’s bank accounts, checkbooks, and personnel files. After obtaining sufficient documentation, I found that the school funds were intercepted and converted to Mr Bob Daniel, who is the supervisor in school. He was authorized to control financial and the process of check’s preparation and issuance. Since none of financial supervisor reviewed his works, he misappropriated checks and fraudulently affixes the signature of an authorized maker. His forged maker scheme was executed through following steps: – Start scheme with 2 shell companies Prepare fraud checks and forge the signature of school’s owner – Deliver checks to the bank – Fraud checks were payable to his shell companies and his account. He concealed his theft by using high activity accounts. Since tracking records on the high active accounts would not expose the fraud easily, he successfully embezzled approximately $400,000 from school’s funds. I applied detection methods to support my investigation as follows: – Tracking on the vendor expenditures: it would increase compared to prior expenses. Detect on the process of check’s preparation and issuance: Bob Daniel was an important part in the entire process. Also, none of supervisor checked his works. – Examine the personnel records: a review of Bob Daniel showed that rationalization would be a major motivation for his theft – Obtaining confession: he confessed his theft as the result of feeling guilty. In conclusion, this report reflects that Bob Daniel, the school financial supervisor, committed a check tampering to misappropriate approximately $400,000. A full review of internal controls should be conducted to detect and prevent more fraudulent schemes.

Is God the Father a Model or an Idol Research Paper

Is God the Father a Model or an Idol - Research Paper Example Richard Niebuhr’s. Sally McFague’s major contribution is bridging literature and theology. Her works frequently touch on literary theory and theology, and her theories are known as Metaphorical Theology. Metaphorical Theology has four defining aspects and this has greatly influenced how McFague created her idea. It will be discussed in the subsequent paragraphs. First: theology is achieved by â€Å"hearing† out God’s word. Secondly, God being in Jesus Christ means that all the flaws in humanness, all the problems and ambiguousness, is significant. Thirdly, theology should be reviewed and renewed constantly to avoid â€Å"idolatry and irrelevance†. And lastly, the world, or the human world at least, is made of language. Theology is achieved by â€Å"hearing† out God’s word. If a person does not â€Å"hear† or understand the word of the God, then it is unsuccessful, it is a farce. This thought echoes throughout McFague’s wo rk, and it is has seen to be heavily influenced by Barthesian ideas. The mere fact that it constitutes communication as a part of major theory, is a sign that McFague’s thrust on the understanding of literature is evident in her study of theology. The second aspect, â€Å"God being in Jesus Christ means that all the flaws in humanness, all the problems and ambiguousness, is significant†, is an aspect that shows that McFague tries to bridge the gap between the relationship of theology and literature. It is quite evident that the tension.

Geologic Time, oceans Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Geologic Time, oceans - Assignment Example The softer rocks are greatly eroded than the harder strata (Timmons & Karlstrom, 2012). The softer strata are mainly made up of soft sedimentary rocks while the harder are made up of harder and older sedimentary rocks, which are mainly deposited at the bottom strata. This leads to the formation of the gorge (canyon) and explains its appearance. The upper strata are new and weaker; hence, they eroded massively and widely. The cross-sectional view of the canyon, therefore, appears as v-shaped. Moreover, the strata are eroded in irregular manner, depicting that some strata are harder than others are. Since they were once deposited at different geologic timescales and of different composition (toughness), they are subjected to different degrees of erosion. Each strata of the Grand Canyon was deposited at different geological time scales by the very processes that result to the formation of sedimentary rocks. The geological interpretation of the Grand Canyon occurred through a time scale involving may years ago. The horizontal formation at the bottom, which is the Tapeats Sandstone, was deposited in the region at about 550 million years ago. 250 million years ago, the preceding strata, the Kaibab Limestone, which forms the rim, was deposited (Timmons & Karlstrom, 2012). The whole strata stretch over 250 miles. In eastern Arizona, they are one mile lower in elevation. The uplift of the canyon occurred 70 million years ago. It took hundreds of years for the sediments to cement into a hard rock the sediments were unconsolidated and soft when the layers thinned and bent. The plastic deformation of Grand Canyon strata interestingly indicates the reality behind global flood of Noah. River Colorado starts from north central Colorado. It ends at a California’s gulf. The waters of the river come from the melting snow from the top of Rocky Mountains. It passes through seven states in the US; it also passes through Mexico. The main tributaries of River Colorado include San,

Mentorship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Mentorship - Essay Example Most of the fields in healthcare, law, teaching, social works, army, and others are now actively engaging in this form of education. Its objective is to provide the protg a learning opportunity to integrate the theoretical knowledge gained from the classrooms and develop it in practical setting with the advice and support from the mentor. The advice and support may be job related or even personal matters. As the relationship progress, it aims to create the interest and confidence of the protg in carrying out the actual scope of the career. In 1999, Department of Health recognize the value of nurses, midwives and visiting health professionals and one strategic intention is to strengthen pre- and post-education and training. Since it is believed to be an important part of the education process, it will be expected that every practitioner will be responsible enough to support, teach, coach and advise the next generation nurses and midwives. It is aimed to provide high quality medical education and better practical skills by combining teaching and patient care. The importance of clinical practice is further emphasised by the DOH and gives four key areas of practice placements as follows: Providing practice placement Practice learning environment Student support Assessment of practice The United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting (UKCC) as endorsed by the NMC, requires the programme to enable students to apply knowledge, understanding and skills to perform the standard for competency and to provide the patients with the healthcare they need under the supervision of the mentor. Mentorship is a special and complex relationship between the mentor and the protg wherein the mentor assumes the role of a parent, teacher, role model, adviser, counsellor or a confidant and the protg as the student or a descendant, so to speak. The success of mentorship, therefore, lies on the relationship of the mentor and the protg. There are factors affecting the mentoring programs that should be attended to. Some of these factors are the attitude of the protges, culture, race, religion and hidden agenda. The protge should be open to new ideas and give his trust to the mentor. Being close in accepting new information, ideas and suggestions makes the attitude a blocking factor for the success of the mentorship objective. In this case, a mentor who has the expertise of dealing with such kind of protge is needed to approach the concern accordingly. The mentor should also have the broad understanding of intercultural awareness. Studies showed that the culture plays a vital role in any relationship such as the mentor-protge relationship. These factors may also be true in the part of the mentor in addition to availability of time.

Street art in Berlin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Street art in Berlin - Essay Example At the time, graffiti artists among other citizens took to the wall on both sides using the wall to criticize the erection of the wall with every artist striving to communicate specific messages. Such messages as â€Å"Death to tyrants†, â€Å"God Ble$$† and â€Å"Concrete makes you happy,† conveyed the opinions of the people regarding the separation of Germany into two. While street arts were illegal at the time, the graffiti artists among others enhanced the artistic criticism of the society at the time thereby contributing to the demolition of the wall. Germans did not like the wall since it split their country simply to serve political interests. West Germans used their side of the wall to express their disgust with the wall and so did the Eastern Germans. Streets arts, as exhibited on the Berlin wall, became an integral culture in Germany. In the 1970s, streets artists sought to make Berlin their Mecca. They devised new mechanisms of developing systematic gr affiti with paint cans being among the most favorable. Key among the targeted platform for the streets artists were the communist property (Schürer 101). The defaced such property in a defiant attitude. The artists expressed their displeasure with the prevailing political developments while expressing their desired developments. The areas around the wall of Berlin consisted of dilapidated streets, abandoned buildings and piles of rubles, which the street artists took over splashing defiantly yet creative criticism of the society.

Effects of the Vietnam War Debt on America Essay

Effects of the Vietnam War Debt on America - Essay Example 2. Background of the U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War Initially, the United States did not take sides on the war in Vietnam. However, a series of global events provoked the United States into backing up France. This was after President Harry S. Truman promised to assist the French in sustaining their control in Indochina. Consequently, the United Sates got involved in Vietnam. Before the war, in one way or the other, the United States believed that it was in charge of maintaining order in the world. Among Harry Truman’s foreign policies was the policy to control communism and this was very evident in Southeast Asia. During Eisenhower’s administration, the United States continued to directly support the French in form of equipment, weapons and technical assistance. According to a report by Charles E. Wilson, who was the defense secretary during Eisenhower’s first term as president, millions of dollars were allocated to the French Union Forces, in addition to a program for regular Indochinese military assistance for equipment and weapons. Campagna states that â€Å"In September 1953, $385 million were allocated to the direct support of the French Union Forces and added to the $400 million previously appropriated for this purpose in the budget for fiscal year 1954† (3). ... This led to the transfer of these funds from assistance programs to other accounts of allotment. At the same time, a complete account of the amounts spent in Vietnam was demanded revealing the total dollars spent by the United States from 1953 to 1965. The cost of military personnel in Vietnam was not included in the accounts, as it was not clear how many dollars had been spent on this, despite the fact that between 1954 and 1961, the number of troops assigned to Vietnam had gradually increased (Campagna 5). The amounts in millions of dollars are shown in the following table: Fiscal Year Agency for International Development and other Agencies Public Law 480 (all titles) Total 1953-1957 783.9 39.4 823.3 1958 179.1 9.7 188.8 1959 200.6 6.5 207.1 1960 169.0 11.5 180.5 1961 132.6 12.0 144.6 1962 110.7 32.5 143.2 1963 133.2 64.3 197.5 1964 159.3 71.0 230.3 1965 216.1 52.8 268.9 Total 2084.5 299.7 2384.2 Source: Campagna, Anthony S., The Economic Consequences of the Vietnam War, New York: Praeger Publishers, 1991, Print, table 1.1. At this time, it was difficult to determine whether the total amounts spent in Vietnam, with or without the personnel costs, would have an impact on the economy of the United States. In the 1950s, the economy of the United States underwent a period of stagnation with three recessions during Eisenhower’s administration reducing the economic growth rate of the nation to 2.4 percent (Campagna 5). During this era, the economic and technological growth of the Soviet Union was higher than that of the United States. This brought about charges as a result of the technology gap. The United States however closed this gap by establishing the National Aeronautics and Space

What are management techniques. Which ones are effective Research Paper

What are management techniques. Which ones are effective - Research Paper Example The Balanced Scorecard Technique is a performance-based technique that is structured in a way that enables a sequential check and evaluation of processes in order to determine the level of conformity with the expected outcomes (Armstrong 46). The popularity of the Balanced Scorecard has been witnessed largely in western countries. Studies have also found out a significant level of preference of this management tool in Scandinavian countries, the Middle East and Spain. Over the times, theorists and management experts have managed to develop related techniques and concepts of management basing on the structural foundation of the Balanced Scorecard. Some of the related techniques are Results Based Management and the Performance Prism technique. The fundamental feature in these techniques is the linking of all actions towards some specific outcomes. The balanced Scorecard operates through the creation of ‘target values’ that are used to measure the progress and specific outcomes of various processes within the organization. Essentially, the units of measurement are designed in ways that provide the most relevant information about the nature of performance of a given measure. Both financial and non-financial units of performance are assessed against these target values, which act as safeguards to the nature of performance (Armstrong 50). For instance, the volume of sales could be assigned to some specific target value so that all subsequent actions and results regarding the trends of sales are measured against this target value. On this score, it becomes necessary to consider the fact that other matters such as employee performance are regulated and observed through these values. Such measures could involve appraisal processes in which the performance of employees is measured against definite goals in order to deter mine the levels of progress in relation to certain

Pallitive care week 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pallitive care week 7 - Essay Example The BSN nurses are more experienced and learned than the diploma-prepared nurses (Joishy, 1999). Physician-assisted suicide is offered to the patient by a medical health professional as a means of ending the patient’s life. Ethical issues raised include the quality of life, autonomy, and acting on the best interests of the patient. The patient has the right to refuse medical treatment even when the nurse or the physician believes that the treatment is for the best interest of the patient. In such a situation, withholding the treatment of the patient as requested is not assisting the patient to die but rather a show of free-will and dignity towards the patient. The main challenge is the definition of what the patient’s best interests are and the identification of who should be allowed to determine the best interests, and if they can be met by administering a certain treatment or withdrawing it (American Society of Registered Nurses, 2010). American Society of Registered Nurses. (2010). Dilemma for nurses: Physician-assisted suicide. Retrieved from

Outline and assess the different explanations of poverty in society Essay

Outline and assess the different explanations of poverty in society - Essay Example Moving further ahead, we need to outline and assess the exact manner as to why poverty exists in the society and what are the reasons for the same being within it as well. Poverty exists because there is a general feeling of helplessness within the society and more so, on those people who are at the helm of it. This means that poverty exists due to a certain reason – helplessness caused by greed and selfishness of other individuals who can bring about a change within the society but prefer to keep themselves at ease and in the process earn more and more with each passing day. Thus selfishness within the elites is surely one problem that brings to light the issue of poverty in front of one and all. Poverty can be minimized but not really finished since one catastrophe or the other on the face of the earth brings misery for the people under discussion and hence this leads to poverty which is basically fed upon them. However there are other reasons for poverty to exist within the society as well. Another point that is of significance here includes exploitation at all possible levels. It means that people who know work but do not have authority to properly market it are exploited upon and basically they get ‘used’ by others who are most definitely the people sitting at the top, at least on them. The hierarchy is thus set from top to bottom, where the top most man or woman is doing certain things which are asking for favors, though in the rightful sense for a cheap cost. It means that no matter how properly the job is done by the skillful labor, he would not be paid for his work which is in accordance with the natural justice. In fact he will be told to accept at a price which would be way below the mark in order to win future assignments of a similar nature. This entices the laborer to give in his best, but for a

The Effect of Modern War Games on the Prejudices of Children Essay Example for Free

The Effect of Modern War Games on the Prejudices of Children Essay The rise of video games among youth in recent decades has spurred many new studies into the psychological effects of continued video game usage on a high level. According to a study by The Pew Internet American Life Project, 97% of children and teens play video games (Lenhart, 2008). Video games and violence have also had a positive correlation, meaning they have some relation to each other in increased violence levels in adolescents. In recent years there have been a multitude of multi-platform supported games all with a plot that involves Middle Eastern cultures in a negative context. Could the effect of psychological conditioning and consistent positive reinforcement from the gameplay against radical Islamic terrorist groups develop into prejudices and generalized stigmas toward Middle Eastern cultures? These games that are being represented also share a close similarity to military simulation used to condition soldiers to combat, which I believe also proves that aggressive gameplay is indeed supportive, if not at part causal, for aggressive actions or thoughts. The groups who would be affected most by this would be children and teens, as they have the highest usage on a regular basis with teens up to fifty percent who had played a game â€Å"yesterday† (How Can Advertisers, 2009). Looking at both the pervasive and regular usage of children under the age of eighteen, it seems evident that whatever effect may be present would be experienced by a large portion of youth. Video game usage for these youth is happening at a time in their lives when they are forming and developing social ideology. In the stage of human development at this time in their lives, full reasoning skill and acknowledgement of the fact that it is only a game may not be present in all children. The game itself would be very important in the way that it would affect the player. In the same study done by The Pew Internet American Life Project, 86% of teens play games on a console such as a Xbox 360 or PS3 and 73% play games on their computer (Sood, 2008). If we look at record sales of games in the last few years we can see that the Call of Duty series has been extremely successful. Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare sold more than 13 million copies since released according to figures from 2009 since the game was released in late 2007(Activision to Showcase, 2009). Its predecessor, Modern Warfare 2, set records with selling 4.7 million copies within 24 hours of its release (Molina, 2009). Another hit game series is Battlefield, especially in its versions Bad Company 2 and now Battlefield 3. In all of these blockbuster and hit games that were just mentioned there is an element of Arab hostility in which the player has to fight against a Middle Eastern militia or military faction. With video games now emerging as a significant industry affecting millions of people, we must consider what possible impact these games could be making on their customers. The psychological effect of conditioning is always in use by our brain, as it perceives stimuli and attempts to analyze it in conjunction to the situation surrounding it. This effect has been experimented on by many, but was fathered by Ivan P. Pavlov and later deeply researched by B. F. Skinner, a strong behaviorist (Staddon, 2003). This psychological paradigm states that all actions can be accounted for, both experimentally and in one’s natural development, by conditioning. Classical conditioning is based on the basic principles of a response that is generated by an unconditioned stimulus (US) which then results in an unconditioned response (UR). In cases, conditioning takes place when certain elements are present that, by themselves, initially do not produce the corresponding UR, this is called the conditioned stimulus (CS). After the conditioning process has occurred, the CS will illicit the same response as the US, before called the UR. The new response when using the CS is called the conditioned response (CR) (Staddon, 2003). In order to better understand the concept, here is an example of the above from a psychologist, John Watson, who conditioned a child, Little Albert, to fear certain stimuli. First, Watson took a rat, dog, and monkey and showed Albert each for the first time in his life. The result of the initial exposure showed that, initially, Albert had no fear of the animals. Watson then took his unconditioned stimulus (UCS), which was a gong noise, which upset Albert, the unconditioned response (UCR) (Swets, 2011). He then introduced the same rat, before not feared, to Albert in addition to the gong noise (UCS), which caused Albert to cry (UCR). After repeating this several times, the rat was then turned into the conditioned stimulus (CS). The fear transferred to the rat (CS) then exhibited the same response of crying, before the UCS and now the conditioned response (CR). Once the hairy rat was taught to be feared in this experiment, Watson then generalized Little Albert to several animals, which is the broadening of a condition to additional similar objects than the original stimuli (Swets, 2011). When a rabbit, which he hadn’t seen before and had no pre-existing condition of fear, upset Albert he associated the hairy aspect of the rabbit with the rat. A mask and dog were also feared. When Albert was shown these, he would then cry. The UCS in the case of the video games would be the enemy combatant. The UCR would be an act of aggression in the game that would defeat the opponent, normally by shooting or otherwise killing. This is obviously violent behavior, but not necessarily in the pretext of the game. The CS would be the fact that normally this enemy happens to be Arabic or Middle Eastern. Over the course of playing the game and repeating the same violent in-game actions, the CR would be thoughts of aggression or suspicion when shown Middle Eastern People. This perhaps leads to a stigma against Arabic people. The aggression documented in studies such as Anderson in 2000, and Ferguson in 2008 may not necessarily be augmented toward this prejudice, but rather it would manifest itself in a much less outwardly violent way resulting in a conscious or subconscious stigma. The connection between the UCR and the CR is that the UCR is learned aggression in gameplay, and that would be transferred into a real world application; an example would be a stigma or a prejudice. The conditioning element example for the racial prejudice is in the example above. It is unfair to credit the video game with the entire generation of such a stigma. There was a study and article just published by Erik Bleich that talks about Islamophobia and how western cultures have generally negative thoughts about Muslim people. The article continues to predict that Muslim-fearing people will become an emerging social group (Bleich, 2011) Bliech theorizes that since prominen t figures, in politics, media, or otherwise, have openly stated or engage in anti-Muslim plans that there is no stopping the movement. Soon people will start labeling themselves or actions by the possible fear of Muslims (Foner, 2011). After 9/11, there was a significant rise in suspicion and hate acts directed toward most Muslim people. With that increase, there was 18 to 26 percent of the civil rights violations that happened at the workplace. In a target group, there was an average drop of seventeen hours per week for younger Muslim Americans (Rabby, 2011). There are clear indications that there is a fear of Muslims. In fact, at the time of September 11, 2001, I was nine years old and I too had developed an irrational fear of all Muslims. The conclusion is that there is, and probably will be, a generalized fear of Muslims, due to ignorance or historical precedent, so long as terrorism has a main role in global politics. There is no general consensus that video games in themselves cause violent behavior, even though there are many studies that show a positive correlation, but it is agreed that it at least promotes aggression in people who already have aggressive tendencies. Video games were seen to provide a mode or method for enacting the violence that the individual would commit regardless of the game’s influence (Anderson, 2000). In a study done by Anderson and Dill in 2000 they also state that, â€Å"We believe that video game violence also primes aggressive thought†. Males during adolescence show considerable aggression toward other males in particular but also toward females. The evolutionary reasoning behind this is because younger males have to compete over possible mates, so a greater amount of aggression would yield a greater possibility of attaining the mate. (Hilton, 2000) Using this comparison, we could stipulate that a percentage of the gaming population is aggressive, given the natural percentage plus the increase because of the age category. Given this fact we would see that the more aggressive nature of the selected population would then be more likely to be affected by any effect the game would render to its players. Movies are also a form of visual information that most people can understand, given the wide presentation of most productions. Studies show that media presentations generate a strong effect on the consumers of the information. (Heusmann, 1994) . For example, in the twentieth century communist Russia was a strong force of fear that was widespread due to actual diplomatic relations and hostility. The movies of that time added unnecessary amounts of fear to the topic by generalizing all Russians as spies or communist invaders. The games present information and realism smoothly into the gameplay so that the user barely notices all of the interactions taking place while playing the game. Anderson and Dill also point out the correlation between general media and video games when they said, â€Å"Entertainment media affects our lives. What behaviors children and adults consider appropriate comes, in part, from the lessons we learn from television and the movies. There are good theoretical reasons to expect that violent video games will have similar, and possibly larger, effects on aggression.†(Anderson, Dill 2000) This could be reasoned because the level of involvement into the game correlates with the level of brain usage, because of the attention levels needed to operate in an immersive gameplay. The brain could be more likely to accept these facts and bits of information as truth presented to it. This truth could then be used to advance a possible, already present, stigma of terrorist to a more generalized stigma against Arabic people as a whole. The overall emergence of video games as a massively used media for youth has presented many areas of study for psychologists. The age of the individual, factoring psychological development phases and increased male aggressiveness, in conjunction with the prevalence of violent video games portraying Middle Eastern combatants sets up a possible prejudice effect on its users. This effect could be explained using simple conditioning and generalization, the natural aggressiveness of the subject, and a preexisting fear toward Muslim people all of which will result in a stigma or increased prejudice toward Middle Eastern people among select gamers. I would like to see a formal study on possible prejudice because its significance could be widespread amongst subjects and could be conveyed as racism. Works Cited Activision to Showcase Some of the Most Anticipated Games of the Year at E3 IGN. IGN Video Game Reviews, News Previews. 27 May 2009. Web. 08 Dec. 2011. Anderson, Craig A., and Karen E. Dill. Video Games and Aggressive Thoughts, Feelings, and Behavior in the Laboratory and in Life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78.4 (2000): 772-90. Print. Bleich, Erik. What Is Islamophobia and How Much Is There? Theorizing and Measuring an Emerging Comparative Concept. American Behavioral Scientist 55.12 (2011): 1535-540. Web. 4 Dec. 2011. Ferguson, Christopher J. Violent Video Games and Aggression. Criminal Justice and Behavior 35.3 (2008): 311. Web. 7 Dec. 2011. Foner, Nancy, and Christophe Bertossi. Immigration, Incorporation, and Diversity in Western Europe and the United States: Comparative Perspectives. American Behavioral Scientist 55.12 (2011): 1535-540. Sage Journals Online: American Behavioral Scientist. Sage Publications, Dec. 2011. Web. 5 Dec. 2011. Hilton, N. Zoe, Grant T. Harris, and Marnie E. Rice. The Functions of Aggression by Male Teenagers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79.6 (2000): 988-94. Print. How Can Advertisers Get Through to Teens? EMarketer. Market Research Statistics: Internet Marketing, Advertising Demographics EMarketer. 30 June 2009. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. Huesmann, L. Rowell. Aggressive Behavior: Current Perspectives. New York: Plenum, 1994. Print. Lenhart, Amanda, Joseph Kahne, Ellen Middaugh, Alexandra Macgill, Chris Evans, and Jessica Vitak. Teens, Video Games and Civics. Pew Research Centers Internet American Life Project. 16 Sept. 2008. Web. 07 Dec. 2011. Molina, Brett. Acti vision: Modern Warfare 2 Sells 4.7M Copies on First Day. News, Travel, Weather, Entertainment, Sports, Technology, U.S. World USATODAY.com. 12 Nov. 2009. Web. 08 Dec. 2011. Rabby, Faisal, and William M. Rogers III. Post 9-11 U.S. Muslim Labor Market Outcomes. Atlantic Economic Journal 39.3 (2011): 273. SpringerLink. 26 July 2011. Web. 5 Dec. 2011. Sood, Medha. Pew Study Shows 53% of US Adults Play Computer Games. TopNews United States. 10 Dec. 2008. Web. 08 Dec. 2011. Staddon, J. E. R., and D. T. Cerutti. Operant Conditioning. Annual Review of Psychology 54.1 (2003): 115-44. Web. 24 Nov. 2011. Swets, Dr. Benjamin. Learning. PSY 101. GVSU, Allendale. 3 Oct. 2011. Lecture.

Problem Answer to Law of Evidence Question

Problem Answer to Law of Evidence Question In this coursework I have paid particular attention on the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999(YJCEA) , Criminal Justice Act 2003 , Code D of PACE 1984 Code of Practice and cases such as Turnbull [1977] , R v Hanson [2005] , R v Vye [1993] and other relevant cases in order to solve this problem question based on criminal proceedings and interpret the statutes , the general rule and exceptions of hearsay evidence ,apply the case laws and critically evaluate and analyses them. In this given set of facts we need to discuss and apply the legal rules of evidence in the context of criminal proceedings specifically witness competence compellability, good character bad character, general rules of hearsay evidence and its exceptions with the proper application of Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 ( YJCEA) and Criminal Justice Act 2003 and relevant cases , journals , articles . According to the facts Thomas is only 11 years old who saw two men putting electrical equipment into the boot of a white van. He along with Harry Jones identified Adam King as one of the men they saw at a video identification procedure .Now we need to focus on mainly whether Thomas is really competent to give evidence and even if he can, what type of evidence he will provide .As a child under 14 Thomas must give unsworn evidence.[1] In this essence the test for sworn testimony is set out in R v Hayes[2] which is unnecessary in this scenario .However, in R v MacPherson[3] the Court of Appeal held that a 5 years old child is competent in giving witness .Moreover, the evidence of children under 14 is to be given unsworn and that a child’s evidence must be revived unless it appears to the court that the child is incapable of understanding questions put to him and unable to give answers which can be understood.[4]The court must decide not whether he is competent on grounds of age b ut whether he is capable of giving intelligible evidence .It is submitted that a normal 11 years old child would be .The witnesses credibility and reliability are relevant to the weight to be given to his evidence and might well from the basis of a submission of no case to answer but they are not relevant to competence [5] . In delivering the judgment of the Court of Appeal in R v Sed[6] Auld LJ pointed out that section 53 does not expressly provide for 100% comprehension and in this case the Court of Appeal was much influenced by the earlier decision in R v D .[7]Allowance should be made on the witness’s performance .In this fact it may vary according to the subject matter of the questions, on the length of time between the events referred to by the witness and the date of the questioning and on any strong feelings that those events may have caused [8] as to whether Thomas is really competent to give evidence or not .Moreover according to the statute there is no minimum age for children’s to give evidence.[9] In this fact, Thomas’s parents informed the CPS that Thomas is nervous about giving evidence in court .In relation with this there is a possibility to use of Special Measures like to use screens[10], live link [11] , video recorded evidence in chief [12] , evidence to be given in private [13] by the prosecution.In this case the court can interview the child witness[14] and it could be a video interview if necessary [15] .It may be considered that Thomas might encounter special difficulty in testifying .Under section 16 (1) (b) and section 16 (2) of the YJCEA 1999[16] may give evidence by means such as live video link or pre – recording . In R ( On the application of D ) v Camberwell Green Youth Court [17] the Divisional Court held that special measures provisions , here involving children , were compatible with article 6 ( 3 ) ( a ) of European Convention of Human Rights [18] which embodies the defendant’s right ‘ to examine or have examined witnesses again st him’ .As person under 18 Thomas may also be eligible for special Measures Directions .Under section 21 ( 1 ) ( a ) of the Youth Justice Act and Criminal Evidence Act 1999(YJCEA)[19] as amended by the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 , the primary rule in requiring admission of a video interview as examination in chief and cross examination through a live link or video link [20]at trial , applies to all witnesses under 18 , regardless of the nature of the offence . However , under section 21 if the court determines that under the primary rule special measures would minimize the quality of the witness’s evidence then court can consider a screen which will be open for Thomas to elect to give oral evidence in chief or testify in the courtroom rather than using the live link or pre recorded police video [21].Under section 21 (4C) of YJCEA 1999 the court will consider some factors [22].Although Thomas is not in an age where he might be expected to be able to give live testim ony as he is nervous in giving evidence in court according to the facts but he may be accompanied by an adult to provide support for example his mother who have no personal involvement in this case . Now we need to assess the admissibility of the identification evidence against George Smith .It mainly deals with Code D of PACE 1984 Codes of Practice.[23]Breaches of Code D sometimes can result in the exclusion of identification evidence under s.78 (1) of PACE. Because failure to comply with the provision in CODE D can affect the reliability of the evidence and reliability is an important consideration in the application of s.78(1).An important case on the consequences of non-compliance with the provisions of Code D is R vGorja (Ranjit)[24].Moreover if Code D do not justify the exclusion of identification evidence, they may require appropriate warnings to be given to the jury [25] .In order to avoid mistaken identification of a defendant by prosecution witnesses the Court of Appeal recommended a new approach by trial judges to deal with the problems of identification in Turnbull[26].The directions in this case only apply whenever the prosecution case depends ‘wholly or substa ntially ’on the correctness of one or more identifications of the defendant, and the defence alleges that the identifying witnesses are mistaken and in this case the prosecution substantially depends on the correctness on the identification of George. According to Shand v The Queen[27] the prosecution may argue that the Turnbull direction must be given where identification is based on recognition. Moreover, one witness Thomas already mistaken to identify George [28].But sometimes Turnbull is not required when a witness failed to recognize the suspect [29] and Thomas failed to recognize George.[30]In R v Forbes[31] it was held that the breach of Code D did not require the evidence to be excluded under section 78 of PACE. However , in this fact , Thomas failed to identify George[32].Moreover , George denied that he was involved in burglary[33].It could be argue that the identification procedure under Code D paragraph 3.12 is not necessary in this fact .In R v Turnbull[34] ,the Court of Appeal (CA) laid down guidelines for the treatment of the identification evidence where the case depends wholly or substantially on the correctness of the identifications. The guidelines make it clear that the judge should remind the jury of any weakness in the identification evidence and that the judge should withdraw the case from the jury unless there is any other evidence which will support the identification evidence and in this fact there is another witness named Harry who confirmed and recognized George[35] .In this fact it is highly likely that the prosecution will be able to argue that identification of evidence against George Smith is admissible. The next issues to be consider Adam King’s previous convictions for assault, robbery and burglary . Evidence of a witness’s bad character did not have to amount to proof of a lack of credibility on the part of the witness.[36] This question is concern with rules relating to the admissibility of defendants bad character and also the fairness of the changes made by CJA 2003. In this regard the Law Commission reports on bad character in 2002.[37] The common law recognized the way in which evidence of character could be relevant. It could make allegations against a defendant more likely be true but the trial should not be used to investigate the truth of a previous allegation. [38]Sec-101 of CJA 2003 states that in criminal proceedings evidence of defendants bad character is admissible if one of the factors from sub-section 101(1) (a)-101(1)(g) is satisfied [39].In this regard we need to consider the three fold test in R v Hanson[40]which is laid down by the Court of Appeal . In this case the propensity[41] to commit the offence is relied on as the basis for admitting evidence of a defendant’s bad character.[42] The prosecution now may argue that his previous convictions is relevant to an important matter in this trial[43] .But previous convictions for offences of the same description or category does not automatically mean that they should be admitted[44].Adam King’s bad character might be admissible by the courts as the defendant has a propensity to committee offences of this kind because a single previous conviction can be sufficient to establish propensity[45] .Moreover in Isichei[46]where the defendant’s propensity[47] to supply cocaine was relevant to the issue of identification. In this issue we need to discuss as to how should the judge direct the jury about George Smith’s character .In this fact George Smith already denied that he have any involvement in the burglary and he don’t even have any previous conviction .Similarly in R v Aziz[48] the house of Lords held that a person with no previous convictions was generally to be treated as being of good character[49] and in this fact it could argue that George have good character .Whenever a evidence of good character is given , its significance must be explained to the Jury .The Court of Appeal laid down two limbs in R v Vye[50]. In this fact it could easily argue that the judge will direct the jury based on the Vye direction about George’s character.However , there were some problems in Vye direction like if someone plead guilty in any other county then he is no longer of good character but in this fact it is already apparent that George don’t have any previous conviction .Moreove r ,in R v M (CP)[51] it was held that once the judge decided that the defendant should be treated as a person of good character then the full Vye direction on good character should be given as it is a matter of law .The prima facie rule of practice is to deal with this by giving a qualified Vye direction rather than no direction at all.[52] According to R v Doncaster[53] it can easily argue that if the defendant has no previous conviction but bad character evidence is given under the Criminal Justice Act 2003 then a modified direction should be given .From the above discussion it can easily argue that the judge in this scenario should direct the jury about George Smith’s character with Vye direction because it is the prima facie rule or practice.[54] Now we need to discuss the issue as to whether the persecution will be permitted to adduce the written statement[55] of Harry who is moving to New Zealand .From this issue it is apparent that we need to consider the statement as hearsay evidence which is defined as a statement made outside off the court with the purpose of showing that the statement is true.[56]But generally in criminal cases hearsay is inadmissible which is also affirmed by Lord Normand in Teper v R [57].Moreover in Myers v DPP[58] it was held that a contemporaneous record made by workers in a motor car factory of cylinder block and chassis numbers was held to be inadmissible hearsay.In this fact , we need to focus if the prosecution made a written statement from Harry then whether it will be admissible[59].In this scenario , Harry was outside of UK[60] and in relating with these sort of issue the Law Commission introduced a ‘reasonable practicability ‘ test which require the party wishing to adduce the evidence to make reasonable efforts to bring the witness to court but the court will take into account some factors such as the seriousness of the case and the importance of the information contained in the statement.[61]Moreover , in R v Castillio and Others [62] it was held that it was not reasonably practicable for the witness to attend and important consideration was given to the evidence given by the witness.The prosecution also argue that it falls within the exception of the general rule as the witness Harry moved outside of UK[63] and it was beyond reasonable doubt[64].From the above discussion it is highly likely that the prosecution will be able to adduce the written statement of Harry at the trial. Total Word Count = 3208 Bibliography: Primary sources: Text Book: Dennis .I.H , The Law of Evidence ,3rd Edition ,Sweet Maxwell 2007 Durston . G , Evidence Text Materials , 2nd Edition , Oxford University Press2011 Allen , C , Practical Guide to Evidence , 4th Edition, Routledge . Cavendish 2008 Choo , A.L-T , Evidence , 3rd Edition , Oxford University Press Spencer,J.R and Flin,R ,The Evidence of Children : The Law and the Psychology (2nd edition, Blackstone , London 2003) H.Phil , Blackstone’s Statutes on Evidence ,12th Edition 2012 Guidance for Vulnerable or Intimidated Witness , including children (â€Å"The Memorandum 2002) Spencer,J.R. and Flin , R , The Evidence of Children : The Law and the Psychology (2nd edition), Blackstone , London 2003 Emson, R. Evidence. (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) fifth edition Munday, R. Evidence. (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2011) sixth edition Roberts, P. and A. Zuckerman Criminal evidence. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010) second edition Tapper, C. Cross Tapper on evidence. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010) twelfth edition Statute: Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 ( YJCEA) Criminal Justice Act 2003 European Convention of Human Rights the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 Code D of PACE 1984 Journals : The Law Commission report (2002) Ho, H.L. ‘Similar facts in civil cases’ (2006) 26 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 131. Munday, R. ‘Case management, similar fact evidence in civil cases, and a divided law of evidence’ (2006) 10 International Journal of Evidence and Proof 81–103. Munday, R. ‘What actually constitutes evidence of â€Å"bad character’’’ Munday, R. ‘Single act propensity’ (2010) 74 The Journal of Criminal Law 127(reviews cases where the Crown has sought to adduce only single acts of misconduct, in order to ascertain how expansively or restrictively the courts interpret the bad character provisions). Redmayne, M. ‘Criminal evidence: The relevance of bad character’ (2002) 61 CLJ 684–714. Code of Practice for the Identification of Persons by Police Officers (Code D) of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE). Devlin Report: ‘Evidence of identification in criminal cases’ (1976) Roberts, A. ‘Eyewitness identification evidence: procedural developments and the ends of adjudicative accuracy’ (2008) 6(2) International Commentary on Evidence. Ormerod, D. and D. Birch ‘The evolution of exclusionary discretion’ (2004) Crim LR 767. Article: The Law Commission (EVIDENCE OF BAD CHARACTER IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS Report on a reference under section 3(1)(e) of the Law Commissions Act 1965 ) EVIDENCE LAW CHARACTER AND CREDIBILITY (February 1997 Wellington, New Zealand ) Bird.J , Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review (2014) Birch.D , ‘ A Better Deal for Vulnerable Witnesses?’[2000] Crim L.R 223 Creighton,P.’Spouse Competence and Compellability’[1990] Crim LR 34 Hoyano,L.C.H,’Striking a Balance between the Rights of Defendants and Vulnerable Witnesses : Will Special Measures Direction Contravene Guarantees of a Fair Trial?’ Hoyano,L.C.H,’Coroners and Justice Act 2009 :Special Measures Directions Take 2 : Entrenching Unequal Access to Justice’[2010] Crim LR 345 Durston,G ,’Bad Character Evidence and Non party Witnesses under the Criminal Justice Act 2003’ (2004) 8 E P 233 Goudkamp.J ,’Bad Character Evidence and Reprehensible Behaviour’ (2008) E P 116 Law Commission Consultation Paper ,’Evidence in Criminal Proceedings : Previous Misconduct of a Defendant’(CP 141) (London , 1996) Law Commission Report No 273 (Cm 5257),’Evidence of Bad Character in Criminal Proceedings’ (London , 2001) Mirfield,P ,’ Character , Credibility and Untruthfulness’(2008) 124 LQR 1 Spencer,J.R ,Evidence of Bad Character (Hart , London,2010) Byron (1999) The Times, 10 March and Gayle [1999] 2 Cr App R 130 David Ormerod’s commentary in [2011] Crim LR 10, 793–798 Dennis, I. ‘The right to confront witnesses: meanings, myths and human rights’ [2010] Crim LR 4, 255–74. Mirfield, P. ‘Character and credibility’ [2009] Crim LR 3, 135–51 Redmayne, M. ‘Recognising propensity’ [2011] Crim LR 3, 177–98 Munday, R. ‘Single act propensity’ [2010] J Crim L 74(2), 127–44 Law Commission No 245 , 1997 , para 8.39 Roberts, P. and A. Zuckerman, ‘Implied assertions and the logic of hearsay’ Birch, D. ‘Interpreting the New Concept of Hearsay’ (2010) CLJ 72. Common Laws: R v Hayes [1977] 1 WLR 234 R v MacPherson [2005] EWCA Crim 3605 R v Sed[2004] EWCA Crim 1294 R v D [2002] 2 Cr App R 36 R v K [2006] EWCA Crim 472 R v Powell [2006] EWCA Crim 3 R ( On the application of D ) v Camberwell Green Youth Court [2003] EWHC Admin 22 R v Gorja (Ranjit) [2010] EWCA Crim 1939 R v Forbes [2001] 1 All ER 686 Turnbull [1977] QB 224 Shand v The Queen [1996] 1 WLR 69, 72 R v Nicholson [2000] 1 Cr App R 182 Thornton [1995] 1 Cr App R 578 and Slater [1995] 1 Cr App R 584 R v Oscar [1991] Crim LR 778 Limburne and Bleasdale [1994] Crim LR 118. R v Caldwell [1993] 99 Cr App R 73 R v Hanson [2005] 1 WLR 3169 Tully and Wood (2007) 171 JP 25 R v McDonald[ 2007] EWCA Crim 1194. Isichei [2006] EWCA Crim 1815 R v Aziz [1996] AC 41 R v Vye(1993) 97 Cr App R 134. Teper v R [1952] AC 480 at 486 Myers v DPP [1965] AC1001 R v Castillio and Others [1996] 1 Cr App R 438 R v Bray [1988] 88 Cr App R 354 R v Acton Justices ex p McMullen 1990 92 Cr App R 98 Electronic Sources: www.lexisnexis.co.uk www.westlaw.co.uk www.gov.co.uk www.guardian.co.uk www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/police/operational-policing/pace-codes/pace-code-d-2011 www.officialdocumentsgov.uk/document/hc1011/hc08/0829/0829.pdf 1 [1] Section 56(1) (2) of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 [2] [1977] 1 WLR 234 [3] [2005] EWCA Crim 3605 [4] Section 53 (3) of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 [5] R v MacPherson [2005] EWCA Crim 3605 , [2006] 1 Cr App R 30 [6] [2004] EWCA Crim 1294 [7] [2002] 2 Cr App R 36 [8] Paragraph 45 – 46 where there is a danger that a complainant may be incompetent , the judge will usually before the trial have seen a video recording of the complainant’s interview with the police and so will be in some position to make a decision about competence after hearing submissions from prosecution and defence under Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 , section 27 [9] Section 53(1) 0f Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 [10] Section 23 of Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 and R v Brown [2004] EWCA Crim 1620 [11] Section 24 of Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 [12] Section 27 of Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 [13]Section 25 of Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 [14] Guidance for Vulnerable or Intimidated Witness , including children (â€Å"The Memorandum 2002) and it is also available in www.cps.gov.uk [15] Rv K [2006] EWCA Crim 472 , R v Powell [2006] EWCA Crim 3 [16] Section 16 ( 1 ) ( b) of YJCEA 1999 states that if the court considers that the quality of evidence given by the witness is likely to be diminished by reason of any circumstances falling within subsection ( 2 ) like section 16 ( 2 ) ( a ) states that the witness suffers from mental disorder within the meaning of Mental Health Act 1983 . [17] [2003] EWHC Admin 22 [18] Article 6 (3) ( a ) of ECHR states that everyone charged with a criminal offence has the following minimum rights: (a) to be informed promptly, in a language which he understands and in detail, of the nature and cause of the accusation against him; [19] Section 21 (1) ( a) of YJCEA 1999 states that a witness in criminal proceedings is a ‘child witness’ if he is an eligible witness by reason of section 16 ( 1 ) ( a) of YJCEA states that whether or not he is an eligible witness by reason of any other provision of section 16 or 17 of YJCEA [20] R v Camberwell Green Youth Court [2005] 1 WLR 393 [21] R v Powell [ 2006] 1 Cr App R 31 [22]Under section 21 (4C) of YJCEA 1999 the court will consider some factors such as (a) the child’s age and maturity , (b) the child’s ability to understand the consequence of giving evidence in a different way , (c) the relationship between the witness and the accused , (d) the child’s social and cultural background and ethnic origins and (e) the nature and alleged cir

Use of Irony in Young Goodman Brown

Use of Irony in Young Goodman Brown In the short stories Rip Van Winkle, Young Goodman Brown and The Cask of Amontillado, the authors made use of irony which indicated mockery of something or someone in different ways. Washington Irving used so much irony in his short story Rip Van Winkle. The title character is a youthful married Dutch American who has a kind and generous nature. The main character is located in Catskill Mountains of New York way before the American Revolution. Reluctant to profitable labor, the character prefers rambles within the mountains, sitting under the shade gossiping with his buddies moreover, playing with the community children (Irving 105). Washington develops the thesis of the story by use of irony. After meandering with his gun together with Wolf, his close companion, Rip trails himself into the higher parts of the mountains. Soon afterwards, Rip stumbles upon a stranger who was moving what looked like a barrel of liquor. Consequently, with the aid of the Hollands, moreover a whole day of mountain climbing, Rip falls into a solemn, deep slumber. Nevertheless when he wakes up, Rip does not know how long he has been sleeping or where both of his friends have gone off too. He woke up twenty years later, as an aged man and strolls back to his village; he is amazed by the transformations that have occurred. After some commotion, he is joined with his grown-up daughter and her children. The irony is further noticed in Rips coldness to Dame Van Winkle. He was bossed and chided, but he was satisfied. The owner of the bar, Nicholas Vedder dominated the conversations and views of the junto symbolize the colonial governors selected by the Crown. Even as he rarely spoke, his authority was constantly present. This reflects the inactive position the governors accommodated political affairs, as well as the colonists substantial respect for them. (Irving 109) Another irony to reflect on is the ways wherein Irving anticipates lots of of Thoreaus thoughts. Long prior to the retreat to Walden Pond, Washington introduces Rip Van Winkle as a happy mortal, of idiotic, well-oiled characters, who take the humanity easy, eat brown bread or white, any that can be got without difficulty, and would rather go hungry on a penny than labor for a pound which is very ironic. Nathaniel Hawthornes story Young Goodman Brown is saturated, with irony. At the beginning of the narrative a youthful Puritan husband leaves at sunset from his youthful Puritan wife. Faith, like the wife was suitably named, pushes her own appealing head into the street, allowing the wind to play with the pink ribbons which were on her cap, whereas she called to Goodman Brown. Nathaniel Hawthorne says that Faith is appropriately named, an ironic declaration since she later on in the evening, is being acknowledged into the congregation of devil-worshippers as a fresh convert to the evil cluster. The description of faith as pretty as well as her putting on pink ribbons, as a sign of cheerful outlook on life and youthful innocence is also ironic (Hawthorne 405). There is more irony in the Goodman Browns dialogue with the old man. He at first clings to his apparent purity of lineage furthermore claims that his father and grandfather had not deviated from the Puritanical lineage. The old man discovers that not only were his relatives acquainted with the abnormal path but well familiar the devil on an individual level. The irony inside this passage is seen when the devil assists Goodman Browns ancestors during the persecution of Indians and Quakers. There is definitely irony in the fact that it is the majority of the pious church people who emerge at the evil gathering inside the forest. The aged woman who bypasses Young Goodman Brown as well as the devil on the trail is recognized by Brown as the woman who taught her catechism. There is a remarkable irony to this vow because when Goodman Brown came back at dawn; he cannot look at his wife with the identical faith he had before. After Goodman Brown lastly met with the Devil, he asserts that the cause of his lateness was because Faith kept him back awhile. This proclamation has a double implication because his wife actually prevented him from being punctual for his meeting as well as his faith to God expressively delayed his gathering with the devil as well (Hawthorne 409). All through The Cask Of Amontillado, Poe uses dramatic and verbal irony to construct suspense, foreshadow the ending, and moreover add a touch of ghoulish humor. For instance the title cask meaning wine barrel is resulting from the same root statement used to structure casket, which means coffin. Accordingly, the cask symbolically represents Fortunatos casket. Secondly, Fortunatos name which is Italian implies good fortune, luck. Nevertheless, Fortunato is so unfortunate because he was heading to his death. Another element of irony is Fortunatos Costume. He dresses as a court clown. His celebratory outfit contrasts with the terrible fate that awaits him. Moreover, occasionally, the bell on top of his cone-shaped hat tinkles a nice comic feeling from Poe. Another aspect of irony is when Fortunato asks Montresor if he is a mason, signifying a member of the fraternal array of Freemasonry. It is ironic that Montresor says he is certainly a mason. Nevertheless, he is using the expression to mean a craftsman who constructs buildings using (Cecil 41). Poe also uses irony repeatedly in the dialogue. For instance, when Montresor meets Fortunato, he tells him that he is lucky they met. Later on, when Montresor pretends to be worried about Fortunatos scything cough as they go down into the tombs, he tells him that they have to go back because his health is precious. Fortunato tells him not to worry because the cough will not kill him. Montresor quickly agrees that the cough will not kill him; the audience can nearly see a devilish gleam within Montresors eyes, because he surely knew that Fortunato will die. He later opens a bottle of wine furthermore toasts Fortunato to his long life. In all the three short stories the authors used dramatic, verbal and situational irony to convey message to the audience which came out amazingly. Irony is an essential way in which authors can develop deeper stages of meaning in a text. Furthermore it also is a very efficient way of involving and engaging a reader in a text.

Austens Northanger Abbey and Hoggs Confessions of a Justified Sinner

The Uncanny Works of Austen's Northanger Abbey and Hogg's Confessions of a Justified Sinner  Ã‚   In order to discuss the literature of the uncanny we must first be able to define "uncanny", and trying to grasp a firm understanding of the term "uncanny" is problematic; since as accepted reference works such as the Oxford English Dictionary filter down into popular culture the meaning subtly alters, or becomes drawn towards only one aspect of what was originally a much broader definition. To illustrate this, the Oxford Complete Wordfinder, Reader's Digest (1999), defines: "uncanny adj. seemingly supernatural; mysterious * see EERIE" and my word-processor contributes: meanings for "uncanny" : weird; "Of a mysteriously strange and usually frightening nature" (Word 2002 Thesaurus, allegedly adapted from the Oxford Thesaurus and Roget's 2nd: The New Thesaurus.) The OED, the source from which both of these definitions ultimately are derived, takes its associations somewhat further, and there are decided connotations of the perilous and mystic: "mischievous, malicious ... not to be trusted ... associated with supernatural arts or powers ... dangerous, unsafe" (lecture handout notes), but even considering this it is difficult to come to a decisive, all-encompassing definition of what constitutes 'uncanny literature', because to be concerned with the unknown, the subject matter must by its very nature be imprecise. What is suggested becomes far more important than what is actually said. An excellent illustration of this is the work of that master of cosmic otherworldliness, H.P. Lovecraft. (Typical extract from an e-text of his short story, The Outsider: "I beheld in full, frightful vividness the inconceivable, indescribab... ...ssible engagement with the text, it is also an invited one, because a great deal of the value of the text lies in presenting an unsettling and subtle variation upon a known theme or situation. Mastery of the literary genre depends upon a clear knowledge not only of recurrent themes and styles of the form (which exist to be perpetuated in continually evolving manner, much more so than in other genres), but of human nature and the psychological triggers which create in readers a spirit of curiosity. One might think that such a device was inherent to any form of writing of any quality, and whilst this is true, there is a much more marked difference between formulaic uncanny and gothic fiction than that of other genres. Works Cited Confessions of a Justified Sinner, James Hogg, Everyman, 1998. Northanger Abbey, Jane Austen, Oxford World's Classics, 1998.

Essay --

Taylor Gehrcke Talat Rel 314 2/17/14 Reflection and review of Bruce Lawrence’s â€Å"The Qur’an, A Biography† In the book â€Å" The Qur’an, A Biography† Bruce Lawrence, takes the reader on a journey through the book all Muslims believe sacred, the Qur’an. It was a very unique read in the sense that it depicts the complexity and importance of the Qur’an, however never shares a specific Qur’anic message. The text is a fairly simple read that allows individual with entry-level information to understand. Lawrence’s use of background information provides great insight and understanding in the text. Something unique to point out is that this text is that it is considered part of the ‘books that shook the world’ Series. Meaning, it has provided essential insight to what can be understood about such a sacred text. This is unique, because as we live in a society that has a lack f understanding, more people should be immersed in this novel. Lawrence dedicated this text to a friend Dr Ibrahim Abu Nab (acknowledgments), who Lawrence recognizes as a key component in writing this text, alongside wit...

Growing Up Gay :: Personal Narrative Writing

Growing Up Gay When I think back of my early childhood, I can remember moving with my parents and little sister to a city in southern Sweden called Tranà ¥s. I started in a new school, and I was fascinated, in a rather special way, by a particular boy in my class. While my thoughts at that time were not particularly sexual (I was nine at the time), I often thought about whether or not I thought this boy beautiful. I had problems settling the issue in my mind, but nevertheless, I looked at him ever so often, and I felt pleasure while doing so. As time went on, as I entered puberty, I began to take a more active, albeit still very discrete, interest in other boys. While in the locker room after physical education, I detected that I was sexually attracted to several of the other boys, and I also saw many boys walking around the school corridors who caught my attention. Sometimes I looked them up in the school's photo catalog to see what their names were, and in my free time, I often dreamt about being physically close to them. But during this period of adolescence, I never really thought about what I was. All the things that took place in the emotional-sexual realm were, admittedly, real and concrete to me: I experienced real feelings for other boys (love, infatuation, sexual attraction). But at the same time, on an "intellectual" level, I never confronted these feelings, and so I continued having them without worrying about them or trying to transform them in any way. They just were, and that was fine with me. While some opponents of homosexuality often claim that it is "unnatural" (a claim which is thoroughly refuted in the essay "Homosexuality and the 'Unnaturalness Argument'"), for me, my homosexual feelings were very natural indeed. When I was 16, I became a Christian, which complicated matters quite a bit. After a conversion in the summer of 1984, during which I confessed Jesus Christ as my lord and savior, I joined the Pentecostal Church by being baptized on December 9. While I felt great satisfaction about being a part of the Christian church, I gradually encountered attitudes among fellow Christians and in the Bible which were rather hostile towards homosexuality in any form. I adopted that negative attitude, and I became quite a vocal homophobe.

Analysis of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola’s Oration on the Dignity of Man Essay

In Giovanni Pico della Mirandola’s â€Å"Oration on the Dignity of Man,† he discusses his conceptions and ideas on the nature and the potential of human beings. Notably, in his discussion, he reconciles and combines the teachings of Islam, Judaism and Christianity into a single binding thought. He also attempted to reconcile the several contrasting teachings of Aristotle and Plato, although it is noticeable that he is more in favor of the teachings of the latter. Although his oration is great in length, it can be summarized into several important points. Possibly the first important point is in the first part of Mirandola’s oration in which he explained the origin of man through the story of creation. He claimed that after God, whom he considers as the highest form of authority in the universe like all other religions, finished creating all creatures, he expressed the desire to create another being who would be able appreciate all of the animals, plants, and other things he created. In addition, based on his oration, these creatures each had its own â€Å"rank† in the world. However, Mirandola claimed that there was no longer any room for another creature in the hierarchy of the world, as all the slots, from angels to worms had already been occupied when he finished creating. According to Mirandola, as a result, God created man in such a way that he would not be belong to any slot or position in the hierarchy or chain of beings. Instead, Mirandola claimed, that man had the ability to imitate and learn from all the other creatures, which he likened to a â€Å"chameleon. † Furthermore, he asserted that man’s destiny was the controlled merely by the hand of God, but by his own freewill. In other words, according to Mirandola, human beings could change themselves based on the decisions and the choices they make. In addition, he claimed that these choices could lead man closer to God or farther away from him. After Mirandola’s explanation of man’s purpose in the world, he then discussed how man should act and also discussed the consequences of each of his actions. According to him, human beings should imitate the actions of Cherubims, whom he described as the angels that â€Å"flashes forth the splendor of intelligence,† as this would help them ascend the ladder or hierarchy of beings and ultimately reach God, whom he claimed as the one on top of the ladder. In other words, Mirandola asserted that it is through the use of human intellect, specifically through philosophizing or engaging in intellectual discussions, can human beings become like angels and become one with their creator God. Moreover, although there are other ways of communing with God and ascending closer to him, according to Mirandola, the use of human intellect is the best way to do so because in is through thinking can human beings conceive and understand â€Å"pure† and eternal ideas and thoughts. In other words, Mirandola generally emphasized the importance of the power of the imagination as this where limitless possibilities occur. In contrast, based on his oration, when human beings fail to use their intellect they descend the ladder or the hierarchy and become evil and useless. Furthermore, according to him, it is this ability of man, which the exercise of freewill that distinguishes him from all the other creatures of God and thereby making him superior to them. Mirandola claimed that only human beings have control of their fates as all the other creatures in nature are controlled by external forces acting on them. Moreover, he also explained based on the teachings of Empedocles, that human beings have dual souls. One brings them closer to the heavens and in effect closer to God while the other drags them further down the earth, where war and discord exists. However, Mirandola emphasized that it is solely the choice of human beings which soul they would nourish. Another important point that Mirandola discusses in his oration is his view on the many schools of thoughts or philosophies existing in the world. First of all, according to him, philosophies always change, which makes a human being’s ability to self-transform the only thing constant. Moreover, he emphasized that since there are many philosophies and beliefs, which include the teachings of Plato, Aristotle, Christianity and Islam, among others, it is best for man to learn all of these doctrines to have a broader view and understanding of life and the journey to God. According to him, human beings should not simply believe in and stick to a single dogma or doctrine, especially if this attacks other teachings, as this hinders their capacity to think, which he holds in the highest regard. Furthermore, Mirandola also stressed that in the system where man has freewill and can transform himself into any other existing creature, it is the philosophers, which include himself, who are considered the most dignified and possible the highest form of human beings. Based on his oration, he believed that since philosophers think and engage in debates most of the time, they are drawn closer to God and they ascend the hierarchy of beings faster than other humans. Similarly, he asserted that artists, writers, and painters, who have very powerful imaginations, are not merely artisans but geniuses as they possess ability to exercise their intellectual capacities Lastly, another notable point that Mirandola discussed is his of view on the mystery of God himself. According to him, God made himself known to prophets like Moses not through a single revelation but a series of revelations that made them understand his true nature and character. In addition, he emphasized that there only a few human beings who possess the capacity to understand the revelations of God because it is they who can accurately and truthfully profess what they know and what they have discovered.

The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 30

Stefan host kindred a maniac al the way keister to the boardinghouse. I skunkt study I forgot to tel him that his name had been cal ed, he give tongue to for what matt-up standardized the hundredth time. I cant believe we left him al iodine.Slow stamp out, Meredith told him, nerve-wracking to hold lustrelessnesss sleeping dust unfaltering in the hind endseat as Stefan whipped approximately a corner, tires squealing. Youre leaving way too fast.Were in a hurry, Stefan growled, yanking on the wheel to run a hard right. Alaric false or so in the passenger seat and gave Meredith a panicky look as Stefan narrowly missed a gar cornerst unrivalede truck. She sighed. She knew he was trying to make up for his mistake, for non tel ing them immediately that Matts name had appeared in the herb shop, notwithstanding kil ing them al in a race to cast home wasnt scarcely the solution. Besides, although they probably would stimulate done things differently if theyd chousen , it skill non stupefy diversityd the core for Matt. It wasnt as if their precautions had deliver either bonny or Elena.At least youve got vampire reflexes, she give tongue to, much to reassure Alaric than out of some(prenominal) particular confidence in Stefans control abilities.Shed insisted on being the one academic session in the back with Matt, and outright she developed her attention to him. She put a restraining advance on his chest so he wouldnt go tumbling to the floor as the car jerked and swerved.He was so stil . none of the twitching and eye movements that usual y went with sleep, just the sweetie shal ow rise and fal of his breathing. He wasnt even snoring. And she knew from camping trips as furthermost back as sixth regularize that Matt snored standardized a sound saw. Always. Meredith never cried. Not even when the thrash happened. And she wasnt going to start now, non when her friends requisite her brace and focused to try to prefigure out ho w to save them. except if she had been the salmagundi of girlfriend who cried, instead of the kind of girl who strategized, she would score been sobbing. And even now, the breath caught in her throat a little fearsome y, until she schooled herself into impassive calm again.She was the only one left. Of the four old friends whod gone by means of school and summers and adolescence and al the horrors the supernatural arena could throw at them, she was the only one the trace hadnt captured. Yet. Meredith clenched her teeth and held Matt steady. Stefan pul ed up and parked in front of theboardinghouse, having somehow avoided causing whatever damage to other cars or pedestrians along the way. Alaric and Meredith started to inch Matt conscientious y out of the car, looping his arms nigh their necks and slowly shifting him forward into a half- stand position. unless Stefan simply grabbed Matt out-of- admission from them and threw him over his shoulder.Lets go, he said, and sta lked despatch toward the boardinghouse, easily balancing Matts unconscious body with one flock, not expression back.Hes beseem kind of a strange guy, Alaric commented, reflection Stefan alertly. The sunshine caught the stubble on Alarics mustachioed chin and it glinted with a touch of gold. He acted toward Meredith and gave her a rueful, disarming grin. at in one case more into the breach he said. Meredith took his hand, tender and solid in her own.Come on, she said. erstwhile they were in the boardinghouse, Stefan clomped refined upstairs to doctor Matt with the other bodies the other sleepers, Meredith reminded herself fiercely. Meredith and Alaric, hand in hand, turned toward the kitchen. As she pushed the door open, Meredith heard Mrs. Flowerss utter.Very useful indeed, my dear, she was saying, a warm note of approval in her voice. Youve done rattling wel . Im so grateful.Meredith gaped. At the kitchen t open with Mrs. Flowers, imperturbable and calm and graceful in a blue linen dress, sit shore Dr. Celia Conner, sipping tea.Hel o, Alaric. Hel o, Meredith, said Celia. Her dark eye bored cool y into Merediths. Youl never believe what Ive found.What? said Alaric eagerly, letting go of Merediths hand. Her heart sank.Celia reached into a tote bag sitting by her chair and pul ed out a thick sustain bound in ragged cook leather. She smiled triumphantly and announced, Its a book on phantoms. Dr. Beltram ended up sending me to Dalcrest break ege, which actual y has a very comprehensive col ection of texts on the paranormal.I suggest we adjourn to the den, Mrs. Flowers said,w here we can be more comfortable, and examine its contents to standher.They locomote to the den, but Stefan, when he joined them, did not seem any more comfortable. polar types of phantoms, he said, taking the book from Celia and flipping quick finished the pages. The history of phantoms in our dimension. Where is the proscription ritual? Why doesnt this thing wealthy person an index?Celia shrugged. Its very old and rare, she said. It was exhausting to find, and its the only book on the put down were likely to be able to get our hands on, maybe the only one that exists, so wel ingest to excuse things like that. These older texts, the authors expected you to read straight through and real y subscribe about their subject, to to a lower placestand what they wanted to tel you, not just to find the page you containful right away. You might try looking near the end, though.Alaric was watching Stefan whip through the pages with an expression of pain. Its a rare book, Stefan, he said.Please be more careful with it. Would you like me to look?Im used to conclusion what I need in these kinds of books.Stefan snarled, real y snarled at him, and Meredith snarl the hairs along the back of her neck rise. Il do it myself, teacher. Im in a hurry.He squinted down at the text. Why does it have to be in such(prenominal) ornate home run? he complained. Do nt tel me its because its old. Im older than it is, and I can barely read it. Huh. Phantoms who are provide like vampires on one election sensibility, whether it be guilt, or despair, or hatred or lust for victuals, the demon rum, or fal en women. The stronger be the sensibility, the worse be the outcome of the phantom created. I signify we could have figured that out ourselves.Mrs. Flowers was standing slightly removed from the rest of the group, look fixed on empty air, grumble seemingly to herself as she communed with her mother.I know, she said. Il tel them. Her eyeball focused on the others as they stood nearly Stefan, peering over his shoulders. Mama says that time is get short, she warned.Stefan leaped to his feet and exploded. I know its getting short, he roared, getting right up into Mrs. Flowerss surprise example. Cant your mother tel us something useful for once?Mrs. Flowers staggered away from him, reaching out to steady herself on the back of a chair. Her face was white, and suddenly she looked older and more light-boned than ever before.Stefans eyes widened, their color darkening to a stormy sea green, and he held out his hands, his face horrified.Im sorry, he said. Mrs. Flowers, Im sorry. I didnt mean to frighten you. I dont know what came over me Im just so maladjusted about Elena and the others.I know, Stefan, Mrs. Flowers said gravely. She had regained her equilibrium and she looked stronger, calm and wise again. We will get them back, you know. You must have faith. Mama does.Stefan sat down, turning back to the book, his lips pressed together into a straight line.Her skin quiver with apprehension, Meredith gripped her stave more tightly as she watched him. When she had revealed to the others that the members of her family were hereditary vampire hunters and that it was now her turn to take on the duty, she had told Elena and Stefan that she would never turn on Stefan, that she mum that he wasnt like other, evil vampires, th at he was good clean and benign to humans.She had made no such promises about Damon, and Elena and Stefan hadnt asked her to. They al shared an unvoiced understanding that Damon couldnt real y be characterized as harmless, not even when he begrudgingly worked with them, and that Meredith would need to keep her options open when it came to him.But Stefan she had never thought this would happen, but now Meredith was worried that someday she might not be able to keep her promises about Stefan. She had never seen him acting the way he had been lately nonrational, angry, violent, unpredictable. She knew his behavior was probably caused by the phantom, but was Stefan becoming too flagitious? Could she kil him if she had to? He was her friend.Merediths heart was racing. She realized that her knucks had whitened against her vieing stave, and her hand ached. Yes, she realized, she would fight Stefan and try to kil him, if she had to. It was true that he was her friend, but her duty had to come first.She took a inscrutable breath and consciously relaxed her hands. Stay calm, she coached herself. Breathe. Stefan was guardianship himself more or less under control. It wasnt a decision she had to make. Not yet, anyway.A few minutes later, Stefan stopped flipping pages. Here,he said. I appreciate this is it. He turn over the book to Mrs. Flowers. She scanned the page quickly and nodded. That feels like the right ritual, she said seriously. I ought to have everything we need to perform it right here in the house.Alaric reached for the book. He read the spel , too, frowning. Does it have to be a blood spel ? he asked Mrs. Flowers. If it backfires, the phantom might be able to turn it against us.Im afraid its going to have to be a blood spel , Mrs. Flowers replied. Wed need more time to experiment to change the spel , and time is the one thing we dont have. If the phantom is able to use its captives the way we think it can, its only going to get more powerful.Alaric b egan to speak again but was interrupted.Wait, said Celia, a slightly shril note in her usual y husky voice. A blood spel ? What does that mean? I dont want to get involved in anything she searched for a word unsavory.She reached for the book, but Stefan slammed his hand down on it. Unsavory or not, this is what were doing, he said quietly, but with a voice as hard as steel. And youre a part of it. Its too late for you to back out now. I wont let you.Celia gave a convulsive shudder and cringed back in her chair. Dont you dare threaten me, she said, her voice quavering.Everybody calm down, Meredith said sharply. Celia, no one is going to make you do anything unless you agree to it. Il entertain you myself if need be. Her eyes flew quickly to Alaric, who was glancing back and forth between them, looking worried. But we need your help. Please. You may have saved us al by purpose the spel , and were grateful, but Stefans right youre part of this, too. I dont know if itl work withou t you. She hesitated a beat. Or, if it does, it might leave you as the phantoms only target, she added cunningly.Celia shivered again and wrapped her arms around herself. Im not a coward, she said miserably. Im a scientist, and this irrational mysticism worries me. But Im in. Il help any way I can.Meredith, for the first time, felt a flash of sympathy for her. She understood how hard it must be for Celia to keep up to think of herself as a analytical person while the boundaries of what shed always accredited as reality col apsed around her.Thank you, Celia. Meredith glanced around the room at the others. Weve got the ritual. Weve got the ingredients. We just need to gather everything together and start casting the spel . Are we train?Everyone sat up straighter, their faces taking on expressions of stern resolve. As scary as this was, it was good to final y have a purpose and a plan.Stefan surd deeply and visibly took hold of himself, his shoulders reposeful and his stance sett ling into something less predatory. Okay, Meredith, he said. His stormy green eyes met her cool gray ones, in perfect accord. Lets do this.

Adapting to Change

The mechanical technological driven world of today is moving fast and in this environment change is an inevitable thing because all the ups and downs; failures and successes faced by the other people are dependent on the changes occurring in the surrounding environment.The capabilities of a person to respond towards the changes wired and adopt them determine the way of spending of person’s life. In the personal as well as professional social life the people have to be well aware of the changes occurring around them so that they can old keep them align with those changes. Most of the changes occurring in the surrounding world are led by the technological advancements.Implementing change is rather difficult.The dissertation is based on a qualitative research study that is conducted through secondary analysis of data and a case study.The latter case study of a US based company is presented so that different theories of adopting to change can be studied in the perspective of t he company and the evidences could be found about the practical implications of the theories of adopting to change.1.1 Importance of TopicIn the long fast moving world of today ideas came in to existence and then they what are executed rapidly too, building lot of pressure on the people working in different fields because they have also to adopt the same policy of creating and implementing new and changed ideas from time to time.Recognizing change may be battle.

1.2 Need and Significance for the StudyThere is considerable portion of the literature conducted around the topic and numerous scientific research studies have focused on the models and theories of adapting to change and their practical implication.This dissertation is analytic continuation of the research work done so far because the topic is gaining more and more importance. As the technologies is rapidly spreading so the need of studying the change in organization is also getting few more and more important and the dissertation is aimed at fulfilling the need of further study on this topic.Change is inevitable and its constant.Literature Review2.1. Adopting to change – Historical PerspectiveAdopting to change in an organization is not a new phenomenon but it has deep roots inside the history. Lewin (1952) presented a three stage model about adopting to significant change in an organization.Everyone has obviously noticed the change in the markets.

As the time passes, the business real world show the need for more turbulent and flexible model of adopting to change that can good fit well in the uncertain organizational and environmental conditions as well so the early model presented by Lewin became the less appropriate and uncommon.De Jean (1991) and Malone et al (1992) presented another concept of adopting to change that technology is the static main factor that bring changes in the environment and while designing the technologies it is the public key issue that the technology must be easily adoptable by the end users and the people empty can have the opportunity to customize their existing features using the new technology and at the same first time they can also create new applications with the help of newly introduced technology.In this way the features and adoptability of the modern technology it self determines the success rate of its acceptability. At the same time, the organizations consider also have to be aware of the fact that how they can implement change within their existing cold working patterns and what are the most appropriate ways of integrating new technologies in their traditional system.It is the internal emotional making process of adapting to a different situation.2.2. Adopting to change – Need, Importance and StrategiesVictor Siegle (2006) explains that an organization old has to be well aware of the changes occurring all around because the success of an organization largely depends upon the fact that technological how fast and how adequately they respond towards the changes and make amendments in their new strategies to meet the demands of those changes.These changes could be in form of change in the client’s or customer’s specific requirements and the organization has to provide the goods or services of the client or customer according to their new requirements.Know how you react to pressure in your very own way that is distinctive! Over-training or spi nal injury outcomes if stress may not be tolerated.

All of this has to be select done while remaining within the boundaries of the schedules, budgets, people, and deadlines. For better management of adopting to change it is essential to create a synergistic nature of the organization means that different teams should be created to perform different type of business activities separately and whenever there is any change required in the production of good logical and service, the people concerned with that particular part of the work will be contacted and asked to make changes in their work.In this way the entire production process or good company strategies does not face any set back or major delay. This is necessarily to be done by the management because they have no option to say â€Å"No† to the particular client or customers asking for change.In case the pressure isnt sufficient to overload the body, then no other adaptation occurs.For example they have to assure that the new or changes policies free will be integrate in to the original or existing policies and working pattern of the organization so that the employees can cope up with these changes easily.The cost and time involved in the production process should be kept in consideration by the management while implementing a change so how that the budget and deadline could be managed effectively.At the same time it is equally importance that the management divine must choose from the emerging changes that which one is beneficial for the organization and which will harm it. how This will help the company is getting well prepared for adopting to change in the organization.Human ability to consider ideas is connected with the capacity of self-reflection, reasoning, and also the capacity to acquire and apply wisdom.

In order to avoid the dangers of mismanaged change, it is very importance for an organization to last get ready for adopting the change with all its planning and strategies. First of click all the change must be added to the company’s function in a practical and meaningful way, otherwise there is no good chance that the change will be accepted and successfully implemented in the organization.Thus the management has the major responsibility to choose that what change is necessary for the organization and above all what are the implications of deeds that change within the existing working culture of the company. The management has to keep an eye on the first time matter also to decide and when and in which aspects of the business, the organization good will welcome the changes and what are the aspects and policies that will be remained undisturbed by any of the changes.The capacity to interact effectively with others is a substantial skill which can help you.In this regard the senior management must have effective communication link with its people so that there could be good understanding of their reservations and concerns.2.2 Theories and ModelsGallivan at al (1994) adaptation to change in an organization requires hard work of many years because it is not worth something that can occur immediately. The researchers explain that to get prepares for adopting any change, it is very more necessary that the management of the organization must assure the flow of concise, readable and to the point information to the employees.Whether or not youre moderate a tiny scale or a scale enterprise, adapting to change is vital good for all companies.

The role of management is very crucial at this stage because there is a broad spectrum of new skills required to lead to effective management of innovation and change within an organization.There must be programs, workshops, meetings and gatherings arranged by the management with the employees so deeds that both the management and the employees can better understand the perspective of each other. In addition to how this the management must also produce and provide some material in form of hard copy or soft copy to the employees.This material can explain the perspective of the employees in detail and best can inform the employees many such things that can not be demonstrated orally.Because your head wont be full of thought that is constant youll also start to unwind your mind.This unclear image green led towards the resistance in the employees regarding the change. Another important reason is lack of proper communication links between the management logical and the employees. Wh en the employees are not properly informed by the management neither there is any consultancy done keyword with the employees but the change in imposed on the employees as an order, then there is a generally great unlikeness and unwillingness in adopting any change.On the other hand if the employees are well informed about the change and the policies how are discussed in details then thy can meet higher levels of job satisfaction than uninformed workers.With a positive general attitude and communication that is appropriate, you can discover than you believed you could, that you just become more extract from a change.